Egyptian Statue Sculpture Art Imhotep Architect Physician Engineer
Imhotep (Greek proper noun, Imouthes, c. 2667-2600 BCE) was an Egyptian polymath (a person expert in many areas of learning) best known as the builder of Rex Djoser'southward Footstep Pyramid at Saqqara. His proper name means "He Who Comes in Peace" and he is the only Egyptian besides Amenhotep to exist fully deified.
In time, he became the god of wisdom and medicine (or, co-ordinate to some sources, god of science, medicine, and architecture). Imhotep was a priest, vizier to Male monarch Djoser (and possibly to the succeeding iii kings of the Tertiary Dynasty), a poet, doc, mathematician, astronomer, and architect.
Although his Pace Pyramid is considered his greatest achievement, he was also remembered for his medical treatises which regarded disease and injury as naturally occuring instead of punishments sent by gods or inflicted by spirits or curses. He was deified by the Egyptians in c. 525 BCE and was equated with the demi-god of healing Asclepius by the Greeks. His works were still extremely popular and influential during the Roman Empire and the emperors Tiberius and Claudius both had their temples inscribed with praise of the benevolent god Imhotep.
Djoser's Step Pyramid
Imhotep was a commoner by nascence who avant-garde to the position of one of the most important and influential men in Arab republic of egypt through his natural talents.
Under Rex Djoser'due south reign (c. 2670 BCE) Imhotep was vizier and chief builder. Throughout his life, he would concur many titles including First After the King of Upper Egypt, Administrator of the Nifty Palace, Chancellor of the King of Lower Arab republic of egypt, Hereditary Nobleman, Loftier Priest of Heliopolis, and Sculptor and Maker of Vases Chief. Imhotep was a commoner past birth who advanced to the position of one of the most important and influential men in Egypt through his natural talents.
He may have begun as a temple priest and was a very religious homo. He became high priest of Ptah (and was known reverently as "Son of Ptah") under Djoser and, with his understanding of the volition of the gods, was in the all-time position to oversee the construction of the king's eternal habitation. The early tombs of the kings of Egypt were mastabas, rectangular structures of dried mud bricks constructed over underground chambers where the expressionless were placed. When Imhotep began building the Pace Pyramid he inverse the traditional shape of the king'southward mastaba from a rectangular base of operations to a square one. Why Imhotep decided to change the traditional shape is unknown simply it is probable that he had in heed a foursquare-based pyramid from the start.
Step Pyramid at Saqqara
The early mastaba was built in two stages and, according to Egyptologist Miroslav Verner, "a simple only constructive construction method was used. The masonry was laid not vertically simply in courses inclined toward the middle of the pyramid, thus significantly increasing its structural stability. The basic fabric used was limestone blocks, whose form resembled that of large bricks of dirt (115-116)." The early mastabas had been decorated with inscriptions and engravings of reeds and Imhotep wanted to continue that tradition. His dandy, towering mastaba pyramid would have the same delicate touches and resonant symbolism as the more modest tombs which had preceded it and, meliorate nonetheless, these would all exist worked in stone instead of stale mud. Historian Mark Van de Mieroop comments on this, writing:
Imhotep reproduced in stone what had been previously built of other materials. The facade of the enclosure wall had the same niches as the tombs of mud brick, the columns resembled bundles of reed and papyrus, and stone cylinders at the lintels of doorways represented rolled-up reed screens. Much experimentation was involved, which is especially clear in the construction of the pyramid in the center of the complex. It had several plans with mastaba forms before information technology became the get-go Stride Pyramid in history, piling half-dozen mastaba-similar levels on top of one some other...The weight of the enormous mass was a challenge to the builders, who placed the stones at an inward incline in order to foreclose the monument breaking upwards. (56)
When completed, the Step Pyramid rose 204 anxiety (62 meters) high and was the tallest construction of its fourth dimension. The surrounding complex included a temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests covering an surface area of 40 acres (16 hectares) and surrounded by a wall 30 feet (10.5 meters) high. The wall had 13 false doors cutting into information technology with only one truthful entrance cut in the s-e corner; the unabridged wall was then ringed by a trench two,460 feet (750 meters) long and 131 feet (40 meters) wide. Historian Margaret Bunson writes:
Imhotep congenital the complex as a mortuary shrine for Djoser, merely information technology became a stage and an architectural model for the spiritual ideals of the Egyptian people. The Step Pyramid was not just a single pyramidal tomb only a collection of temples, chapels, pavillions, corridors, storerooms, and halls. Fluted columns emerged from stone according to his plan. Notwithstanding he made the walls of the complex conform to those of the palace of the rex, according to aboriginal styles of architecture, thus preserving a link with the by. (123)
Djoser was so impressed by Imhotep's creation that he disregarded the ancient precedent that but the rex's name appear on his monuments and had Imhotep'due south proper noun inscribed besides. When Djoser died, he was placed in the burying bedroom below the Step Pyramid and Imhotep is thought to have gone on to serve his successors, Sekhemkhet (c. 2650 BCE), Khaba (c. 2640 BCE), and Huni (c. 2630-2613 BCE). Scholars disagree on whether Imhotep served all 4 kings of the 3rd Dynasty but prove suggests he lived a long life and was much sought afterwards for his talents.
Tertiary Dynasty Pyramids
Imhotep may have been involved in the design and construction of the pyramid and complex of Sekhemkhet which archaeologists believe was originally intended to be greater than Djoser'due south. The pyramid was never completed because Sekhemkhet died in the sixth year of his reign, but the base of operations and first level evidence similarities in design to Imhotep'south work on Djoser's pyramid.
Sekhemkhet was succeeded past Khaba who deputed his ain pyramid, at present known as the Layer Pyramid, which was besides left unfinished when Khaba died. The Layer Pyramid is also similar in design to Djoser's monument, particularly in the square base of operations for the foundation and the technique of building inward toward the middle of the structure instead of upwardly. Whether the Layer Pyramid and Buried Pyramid were designed by Imhotep himself or based on his designs is not known.
There are scholars who argue in favor of Imhotep's personal hand in the after pyramids and others who challenge that merits. As both sides of the debate indicate to the aforementioned evidence, and nothing new has emerged to tip the scales, the matter remains unresolved. Imhotep is thought to take likewise served the last king, Huni, only equally footling is known of Huni'due south reign, this claim remains speculative. Huni was once thought to take congenital his ain pyramids but now those have been positively identified with other kings.
Medical Contributions
Imhotep was practicing medicine and writing on the subject ii,200 years before Hippocrates, the Father of Modern Medicine, was born. He is generally considered the author of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Egyptian medical text, which contains almost 100 anatomical terms and describes 48 injuries and their treatment. The text may have been a military field manual and dates to c. 1600 BCE, long later on Imhotep'south fourth dimension, but is thought to exist a copy of his before piece of work.
Edwin Smith Papyrus
The Edwin Smith Papyrus is so named for the collector who purchased it from an antiquities dealer in 1862 CE. It is written in hieratic script, the cursive shorthand of Egyptian hieroglyphics. The most interesting aspect of the work is the modern arroyo it has to treating injuries. Unlike many medical texts of the ancient globe, there is little recourse to magical treatments in the Edwin Smith Papyrus. Every injury is described and diagnosed rationally with a following handling, prognosis, and explanatory notes. This is not to say there is no allusion to medical practices commonly used at the time; the reverse side of the papyrus features viii magic spells and chants for healing.
Examinations are described along the aforementioned lines as a modern-day visit to a doc. Patients are asked where they are injured/feel pain, the md and then addresses the wound by touching or prodding and questioning the patient. The prognosis given after every entry begins with the phrases "An ailment I will handle" or "An ailment I volition fight with" or "An ailment for which nothing tin be done" which, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine'southward article on the subject, "could be seen every bit the primeval form of medical ideals as an ancient physician would generally decline to treat a condition he knew was fatal." The National Library article goes on to observe that these prognoses could also have served every bit a kind of insurance "when a poor effect is expected" and would have helped relieve a physician's reputation if treatment failed to cure the patient.
Legacy
A number of didactic writings on morality and faith, also as verse, scientific observations, and architectural treatises are likewise attributed to Imhotep but have not survived; they are referenced in later writers' works. Regarding his masterpiece, the Pace Pyramid, Miroslav Verner writes:
Few monuments hold a place in homo history as significant as that of the Footstep Pyramid in Saqqara...It tin can be said without exaggeration that his pyramid circuitous constitutes a milestone in the development of monumental stone architecture in Egypt and in the world as a whole. Hither limestone was get-go used on a large scale as a construction material, and here the thought of a monumental imperial tomb in the form of a pyramid was first realized. In a Nineteenth Dynasty inscription constitute in Southward Saqqara, the ancient Egyptians were already describing Djoser as 'the opener of stone', which nosotros can interpret as meaning the inventor of rock architecture. (108-109)
The innovations attributed to Djoser were actually initiated by Imhotep following his vision to build a colossal monument entirely of rock. He was able to imagine a feat never attempted before, possibly never even conceived of, and make it a reality; in doing and then, he changed the world. The great temples and administrative buildings, palaces and tombs, the majestic monuments of the pyramids and towering statuary which came to ascertain the Egyptian landscape, all began with Imhotep'southward vision of the Step Pyramid at Saqqara.
Once a monument built of stone had been accomplished, it could exist attempted again then again with greater attention to detail and improvement in technology to create the "true pyramids" of Giza. Further, visitors to Egypt who saw these immense creations brought back reports of them to their own countries, such every bit Hellenic republic, who then built upon what Imhotep had first imagined and and so made real.
This commodity has been reviewed for accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards prior to publication.
Source: https://www.worldhistory.org/imhotep/
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